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Rabu, 05 Desember 2012

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES


Let’s studying Grammar.



GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION

A gerund is the –ing form of verb used as a noun ( gerund adalah kata kerja bentuk –ing/present participle yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda). Gerund is used in the same ways as anoun, as a subject or an object.

1.    Contoh gerund sebagai Subject :
Smoking is not good for our health.
                s        v
Fising needs patience.
                      s       v
Playing tennis is fun.
                     s                  v
Jika kita lihat contoh di atas terutama kata yang dicetak tebal maka itulah gerund sebagai subjek kalimat. Smoking, fising dan playing berasal dari verb. (kata kerja) yang mempunyai fungsi sama seperti Noun (kata benda).

2.    Contoh gerund sebagai objek kalimat.
We enjoy playing tennis.
  s       v         o
I enjoy living in this city.
s   v       o

3.    Kata kerja yang diikuti gerund:

Admit
Finish
Recollect
Avoid
Forget
Regret
Advise
Can’t help
Remember
Anticipate
Keep
Resent
Appreciate
Mention
Resist
Complete
Mind
Risk
Consider
Miss
Stop
Delay
Postpone
Suggest
Deny
Practice
Tolerate
Discuss
Quit
understand
Dislike
Recall

Enjoy
Finish


Contoh : She advised waiting until tomorrow.
                 We enjoy living in this tiny village
4.    Gerund juga dapat diletakan sesudah possesive adjective lho....
My, your, his, her, our their.

Her leaving made me sad.
I could hear her crying.
My refusing to help made him disappointed.
5.    Gerund juga dapat diletakan sesudah kata depan (preposition) mari kita lihat contohnya:

Jane is thinking of going to Japan next month.
My father has given up smoking.
She is afraid of meeting her boss in the office.
I am interested in seeing this film.
My sister is fond of dancing.
There is possibility of meeting him tomorrow.
I have no reason for leaving his village.

6.    Sesudah kata go dan come, kata kerja yang menunjukan sesuatu kegiatan fisik atau rekreasi.

Go boating
Go dancing
Go jogging
Go shopping
Go swimming
Go bowling
Go fishing
Go riding
Go sightseeing
Go shooting
Go camping
Go hiking
Go running
Go skating
Go golfing
Go canoeing
Go hunting
Go sailing
Go sledding
Go window shopping
Father usually goes hunting on Sunday morning.
Do you like going shooting in the forest?
How often does she go fishing with his friends?

7.    Gerund juga digunakan untuk menunjukan larangan (prohibition)

No parking
No smoking
No fishing
No camping
No spitting (dilarang meludah)
No trespassing (dilarang masuk tanpa izin)


TO INFINITIVES:

Ada beberapa fungsi dan penggunaan to infinitive di dalam kalimat yakni sebagai berikut:
1.    Sebagai subject:
To study hard makes us clever.

2.    Setelah kata kerja tertentu:

            Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, example:

            Verb + infinitive
a)    I hope to see you again soon.
b)    He promissed to be here by soon.
c)    He promised not to be late.

3.    Setelah objek pelaku

            Verb + pronoun + infinitive

a)      Mr.Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock.
b)      The police ordered the driver to stop.



Verbs followed by an infinitive

Afford
Agree
Appear
Arrange
Ask
Beg
Care
Claim
Consent
Decide
Demand
Deserve
Expect
fail
Forget
Hesitate
Hope
Learn
Manage
Mean
Need
Offer
Plan
Prepare
Pretend
Promise
Refuse
Regret
Remember
Seem
Threaten
Volunteer
Wait
Want
wish




Example:
1.    I want to tell you something.
2.    I will wait to hear from you.
3.    I remembered to lock the door.


Verbs followed by a pronoun + an infinitive:

Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg
Cause
Challenge

Remind
Expect
Forbid
Teach
Tell
want

Example:
1. I want you to be happy.
2. My brother taught me to swim.

4.    Setelah kata sifat (adjective)

1.  She is clever to study hard.
2.  He is careful to finish his job.

EXERCISES: Supply the corect form (to infinitive or gerund) of the verb in parentheses to the following sentences.

1.    I remember ...London when I was six years old. (visit)
2.    Don’t forget ... the front door before you leave. (lock)
3.    I regret ... you that your brother has just got an accident. (tell)
4.    Keep ... I’m listening to you. (talk)
5.    Linda offered ... my cat while I was out of town. (look after)
6.    You shouldn’t put off ... your bill. (pay)
7.    Alex’s dog loves ... sticks. (chase)
8.    Did you remember ... the stove (turn off)
9.    I hate ... any living being suffer. I can’t bear it. (see)
10. We’re going out for dinner. Would you like ... us? (join)

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